Как обрабатывать исключения в Spring MVC? Что такое @ExceptionHandler и @ControllerAdvice?

@RestControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GlobalExceptionHandler.class);

    @ExceptionHandler(EntityNotFoundException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleNotFound(EntityNotFoundException ex) {
        ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse("NOT_FOUND", ex.getMessage());
        return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(error);
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleValidation(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
        List<String> errors = ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors().stream()
                .map(e -> e.getField() + ": " + e.getDefaultMessage())
                .collect(Collectors.toList());
        ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse("VALIDATION_ERROR", "Ошибка валидации", errors);
        return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST).body(error);
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(AccessDeniedException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleAccessDenied(AccessDeniedException ex) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN)
                .body(new ErrorResponse("ACCESS_DENIED", "Доступ запрещён"));
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleGeneral(Exception ex) {
        log.error("Неожиданная ошибка", ex);
        return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
                .body(new ErrorResponse("INTERNAL_ERROR", "Внутренняя ошибка сервера"));
    }
}

public class ErrorResponse {
    private String code;
    private String message;
    private List<String> details;
    private LocalDateTime timestamp = LocalDateTime.now();
}

@RestControllerAdvice(basePackages = "com.example.api")
public class ApiExceptionHandler { }